Kindergarten Mathematics | Chapter 5: Addition and Subtraction Within Ten
Parent and teacher edition. Read the student lesson first, demonstrate one example, then allow independent answers. Keep all student information private.
Lesson 1: Join Groups to Add
Teaching guidance
Addition combines two groups into one total. Put three counters on a mat, then add two counters. Count all five. We record the action as 3 + 2 = 5. The equals sign means the quantity on the left has the same value as the quantity on the right. Always count the actual items instead of guessing.
Correct responses
- 1. 3 + 2 = __. Answer: 5
- 2. 4 + 1 = __. Answer: 5
- 3. Draw two circles and three circles. How many in all? Answer: 5
- 4. Does 2 + 0 change the number two? Answer: no
- 5. Five birds arrive in groups of two and three. Write the addition equation. Answer: 2 + 3 = 5
- 6. Explain with counters why 1 + 4 = 5. Answer: One group of one plus a group of four contains five
Score six questions, then explain and reteach errors. Accept reasonable equivalent responses and developmentally appropriate drawings.
Lesson 2: Find Missing Parts
Teaching guidance
A whole can be split into parts. A group of seven may have four red blocks and three blue blocks. Because 4 + 3 = 7, if one part is known, counters help us discover the missing part. We can write 4 + __ = 7. Find the difference by counting from four up to seven, or by taking four away from seven.
Correct responses
- 1. Complete 4 + __ = 7. Answer: 3
- 2. Complete 6 + __ = 9. Answer: 3
- 3. If 5 is made from 2 and __, find the other part. Answer: 3
- 4. Show two ways to make 6. Answer: Any two correct decompositions, such as 1+5 and 2+4
- 5. Is 1 + 8 equal to 9? Answer: yes
- 6. Describe how you found the missing part in 3 + __ = 8. Answer: Five more counters are needed
Score six questions, then explain and reteach errors. Accept reasonable equivalent responses and developmentally appropriate drawings.
Lesson 3: Take Away to Subtract
Teaching guidance
Subtraction finds how many remain when some objects are removed. Put eight counters on a table and move three aside. Five remain. Write 8 – 3 = 5. The minus sign means take away in this story. Make a drawing with crossed-out objects when physical counters are not available.
Correct responses
- 1. 8 – 3 = __. Answer: 5
- 2. 6 – 2 = __. Answer: 4
- 3. Start with 9 stones and remove 4. How many remain? Answer: 5
- 4. Write a subtraction equation for five apples with one eaten. Answer: 5 – 1 = 4
- 5. Does 7 – 0 equal 7? Answer: yes
- 6. Show how 10 – 6 can be solved with ten counters. Answer: Take six away; four remain
Score six questions, then explain and reteach errors. Accept reasonable equivalent responses and developmentally appropriate drawings.
Lesson 4: Compare Adding and Subtracting Stories
Teaching guidance
Words in stories reveal which action is needed. If two children bring three books and four books, the books join, so we add. If there are seven books and two are borrowed, we subtract to find what remains. Draw a model, label what you know, then select the equation. Always explain the meaning of your answer.
Correct responses
- 1. Two plus five flowers makes how many? Answer: 7
- 2. Nine crackers, three eaten. How many left? Answer: 6
- 3. Write an equation for four blocks joined by one block. Answer: 4 + 1 = 5
- 4. Ten fish, two swim away. Write the equation and answer. Answer: 10 – 2 = 8
- 5. Is 3 + 4 = 7 an addition or subtraction sentence? Answer: addition
- 6. Explain why seven minus three is not the same action as seven plus three. Answer: Subtract removes three; add joins three
Score six questions, then explain and reteach errors. Accept reasonable equivalent responses and developmentally appropriate drawings.
Lesson 5: Independent Operations Check
Teaching guidance
Read each problem and choose whether to join, take away, or find a missing part. Use counters or a drawing if needed. Check by recounting. A wrong answer is information about which skill needs more practice, not a reason to stop learning.
Correct responses
- 1. 5 + 4 = __. Answer: 9
- 2. 10 – 7 = __. Answer: 3
- 3. 2 + __ = 6. Answer: 4
- 4. Seven ducks, three leave. How many remain? Answer: 4
- 5. Draw and label two groups whose total is 8. Answer: Any pair totaling 8
- 6. Tell a short subtraction story for 6 – 1 = 5. Answer: A meaningful story with six, one removed, five left
Score six questions, then explain and reteach errors. Accept reasonable equivalent responses and developmentally appropriate drawings.
Chapter review
Total of 30 core questions across five days. Use an independent check before recording mastery.